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Geography – Optional (Main Examination)
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Paper-I
Principles of Geography
Section-A
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Physical Geography
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i)
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Geomorphology
: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic
forces; origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; physical conditions
of the earth’s interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy;
sea-floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity;
earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with
fluvial, arid, glacial, coastal and karst cycle; groundwater; Applied
Geomorphology.
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ii)
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Climatology
: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat budget of the
earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds; monsoons and
jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones; types
and distribution of precipitation; Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s
classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.
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iii)
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Oceanography
: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and
Pacific
Oceans
; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; ocean currents
and tides; marine resources–biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral
reefs; sea-level changes.
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iv)
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Biogeography
: Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil
profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world
distribution of plants and animals; problems of deforestation and
conservation measures; social forestry, agro-forestry.
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v)
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Environmental Geography : Human ecological adaptations; transformation
of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservawtin; ecosystems
and their management; global ecological imbalances–problems of
pollution, global warming, reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of
forests.
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Section-B
Human Geography
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i)
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Perspectives
in Human Geography : A real differentiation; regional synthesis;
dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and
locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches;
cultural regions of the world human and welfare approaches; cultural
regions of the world; human development indicators.
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ii)
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Economic Geography : World economic develpment–measurement and
problems; world resources and their distribution; energy crisis; the
limits to growth; world agriculture–typology of agricultural regions;
agricultural inputs and productivity; food and nutrition problems;
famine–causes, effects and remedies; world industries–location
patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
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iii)
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Population and Settlement Geography : Growth and distribution of
world population; demographic atrributes; causes and consequencies of
migration; concepts of over–, under– and optimum population; world
population problems.
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Types and
patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept of
primate city and rank-size rule; functional classificatipn of towns;
sphere of urban influence; rural-urban fringe; satellite town; problems of
urbanisation.
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iv)
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Regional
Planning : Concept of a region; types of regions and methods of
regionalisation; growth centres and growth poles; regional imbalances;
environmental issues in regional planning; planning for sustainable
development.
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v)
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Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography : System analysis in
Human Geography; Malthusian, Marxian and Demographic Transition models;
Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Von Thunen’s model of
agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Rostov’s
model of stages of growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; laws of
international boundaries and frontiers.
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Note :
Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question
pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
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Paper-II
Geography of
India
Section-A.
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i)
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Physical Setting : Space relationship of
India
with neighbouring countries; structure and relief; drainage system and
watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of Indian monsoons; tropical
cyclones and western distrubances; floods and droughts; climatic regions;
natural vegetation, soil types and their distributions.
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ii)
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Resources : Land, surface and groundwater, energy, minerals, and
biotic resources, their distribution, utilisation and conservation; energy
crisis.
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iii)
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Agriculture
: Infrastructure–irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power;
institutional factors–land holdings, land tenure and land reforms;
agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land
capability; agro-and social forestry; green revolution and its
socio-economic and ecological implications; significance of dry farming;
livestock resources and white revolution; blue revolution; agricultural
regionalisation; agro-climatic zones.
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iv)
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Industry : Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton,
jute, iron and steel, fertiliser, paper, drugs and pharmaceutical,
automobile and cottage indusries; industrial complexes and industrial
regionalisaiton; new industrial policy; multinationals and liberalisation.
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v)
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Transport, Communication and Trade : Road, railway, waterway,
airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional
development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade,
trade balance; free trade and export promotion zones; developments in
communication technology and its impact on economy and society.
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Section-B
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i)
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Cultural
Setting : Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas
and their problems; role of langague, religion and tradition in the
formation of cultural regions; growth, distribution and density of
population; demographic attributes–sex-ratio, age structure, literacy
rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration
(inter-regional, intra-regional and international) and associated
problems, population problems and policies.
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ii)
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Settlements : Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements;
urban development; census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian
cities; functional classification of Indian cities; conurbations and
metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town
planning; problems of urbanisaiton.
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iii)
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Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in
India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes;
panchayati raj and decentralised planning; command area development;
watershed management; planning for backward area, desert drought-prone,
hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning; geography and
regional planning.
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iv)
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Political Aspects : Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state
reorganisation; regional consciousness and national integration;
international boundary of
India
and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources;
India
and geopolitics of the
Indian Ocean
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v)
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Contemporary Issues : Environmental hazards–landslides, earthquakes,
floods and droughts, epidemics; issues related to environmental pollution;
changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact
assessment and environmental management; population explosion and food
security; environmental degradation; problems of agrarian and industrial
unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of
sustainable growth and development.
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Note : Candidates will be required to answer one
compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper. |
