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Anthropology – Optional (Main Examination)
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Paper
I
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| 1.1
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Meaning and scope Anthropology
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1.2
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Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology,
Psychology, Political Science, Life Science, Medical Science.
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Main
branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance
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a) Social-cultural Anthropology
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b) Physical and biological Anthropology
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c) Archaeological Anthropology.
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| 1.4
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Human Evolution and emergence of
Man.
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Organic
Evolution-Theories of evolution
in historical perspective, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian
period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and
concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll's rule, Cope's rule, Gause's rule,
parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution);
Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and
quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae,
Origin and evolution of man-'Homo erectus and Homo sapiens'.
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| 1.5
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Phylogenetic status, characteristics
and distribution of the following:
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a) Prepleistocence fossil primates-Oreopithecus.
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b) South and
East African hominids-Plesianthropus/Australopithecus Africaus,
Paranthropus, Australopithecus.
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c) Paranthropus-Homo erectus-Homo
erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.
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d) Homo Heidelbergensis.
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e)
Neanderthal man-La-chapelle-aus-saints (Classical type),
Mt.
Carmelites
types (Progressive type).
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f) Rhodesian man
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g) Homo sapiens-Cromognon, Grimaldi,
Chancelede.
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Recent
advances in understanding the evolution, distribution and
multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to
others.
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1.6
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Evolutionary trend and classification of the order Primates, Relationship
with other mammals, molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy
of man and apes, primate locomotion;-terrestrial and arboreal adaptation,
skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
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| 1.7
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Cultural Evolution-broad outlines of
pre-historic cultures:
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a) Paleolithic
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b) Mesolithic
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c) Neolithic
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d) Chalcolithic
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e) Copper-Bronze age
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f) Iron age
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2.1
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Family-Definition and typology of family, household and domestic groups.
Basic structure and functions; stability and changes in family.
Typological and processual approaches to the study of family. Impact of
urbanization, industrialization, education and feminist movements.
Universality of family-a critique.
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2.2
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Concept
of kinship : Definition of kin, incest prohibition exogamy and
endogamy. Principles of descent-types and functions. Political and jural
aspects of kinship. Unilineal, bilateral and double descent. Descent,
filiation and complementary filiation. Kinship terminology, typology and
approaches to the study of terminology
Alliance
and descent.
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2.3
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Marriage
-Definition, types and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the
universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage-preferential,
prescriptive, proscriptive and open systems. Types and form of marriage
Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage stability.
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3.1
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Study of
culture, patterns and processes. Concept of culture, patterns of culture,
relationships between culture and civilization and society.
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Concept of Social Change and
Cultural Change:
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3.3
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Social
structure and social organization, Role-analysis and social network.
Institutions, groups community. Social stratification: principles and
form, status, class and power, gender. Nature and types of mobility.
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Concept of Society.
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3.5
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Approaches to the study of culture and society-classical evolutionism,
neo-evolutionism, culture ecology, historical particularism and
diffusionism, structural-functionalism, culture and personality,
transaction-alism, symbolism, congnitive approach and new ethnography,
post structuralism and post-modernism.
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4.1
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Definitions and functions of religion. Anthropological approaches to the
study of religion-evolutionary, psychological and functional. Magic,
witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and functions and functionaries:
priest, saman, medicine man and sorcerers. Symbolism in religion and
rituals. Ethnomedicine. Myths and rituals: definitions and approaches to
their study-structural, functional and processual Relation with economic
and political structures.
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5.1
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Meaning,
scope and relevance, principles governing production, distribution and
consumption in communities subsisting on hunting-gathering, fishing,
pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits. Fomalist and
substantivist debate-Dalton, Karl-polyanny and Marx approach and New
Economic Anthropology. Exchange: gifts, barter, trade, ceremonial exchange
and market economy.
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5.2
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Theoretical foundations. Types of political organisations-band, tribe,
chiefdom, state, concept of power, authority and legitimacy. Social
control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
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6.1
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Concepts
of developmental Anthropological perspective. Models of development.
Critiques of classical developmental theories. Concepts of planning and
planned development. Concept of participatory development. Culture ecology
and sustainable development. Displacement and rehabilitation.
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7.1
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Concept
of research in anthroplogy, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of
gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology,
methods and techniques. Nature and explanation in anthropological
research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative
methods; nature, purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural
anthroplogy. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview, participant
and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire, case-study
methods, extended casestudy methods, life histories and seconday sources,
oral history, genealogical method, participatory, learning and assessment
(PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA). Analysis, interpretation and
presentation of data.
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8.1
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Concept,
scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other
branches of science and medicine.
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8.2
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Method
for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedegree analysis,
twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal
and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A.
technology and recombinant technologies.
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8.3
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Twin
study method-zygosity, heritability estimates, present status of the twin
study method and its applications.
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8.4
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Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor,
lethal, sub-lethal, and polygenic inheritance in man.
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8.5
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Concept
of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population,
Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down
frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and
genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load,
genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and
probability methods for study of human genetics).
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Chromosomes and chromosomal
aberrations in man, methodology.
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a) Numerical and structural aberrations
(disorders)
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b) Sex
chromosomal aberrations-Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX),
intersex, and other syndromic disorders.
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c) Autosomal aberrations-Down syndrome,
Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
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d) Genetic
imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human
DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
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8.7
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Concept
of race in histrogical and biological perspective. Race and racism,
biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric
characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and
environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial
differentiation and race-crossing in man.
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8.8
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Ethnic
groups of mankind-characteristics and distribution in world, racial
classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their
distribution and characterisicts.
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8.9
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Age, sex
and population variation in gentic marker-ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp,
transferrin, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level,
body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in
different cultural and socio-economic groups. Impact of smoking air
pollutions, alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
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9.1
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Concepts
and Methods of Ecological Anthropology. Adaptation-social and cultural
Deterministic theories-a critique. Resources-biological, non-biological
and sustainable development. Biological adaptation-climatic,
environmental, nutritional and genetic.
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Relevance in understanding of
contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal, urban and
international levels. Ethric conflicts and political developments. Concept
of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
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11.1
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Concept
of human growth and development-stages of growth-prenatal, natal, infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.
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Factors
affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical,
nutritional, cultural and socio-economic.
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- Ageing and
senescence. Theories and observations-biological and chronological
longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth
studies.
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12.1
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Reproductive biology, demography and population study. Reproductive
physiology of male and female. Biological aspects of human fertility.
Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertily
patterns and differentials.
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Demographic theories-biological,
social and cultural.
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12.3
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Demographic methods-census, registration system, sample methods, duel
reporting system.
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Population structures and
population dynamics.
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Demographic rates and ratios, life
table-structure and utility.
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12.6
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Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility
natality and mortality.
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Methods of studying population
growth.
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Biological consequences of
population control and family welfare.
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Anthropology of sports
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Nutritional Anthropology.
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Anthropology in designing of
defence and other equipments.
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Forensic Anthropology.
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Methods and principles of personal
identification and reconstruction.
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Applied human genetics-Paternity
diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.
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DNA technology-prevention and cure
of diseases.
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Anthropo-gentics in medicine
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Serogenetics and cytogenetics in
reproductive biology.
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Application of statistical
principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.
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PAPER
II
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1.
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Evolution
of the Indian Culture and Civilization-Pre historic (Paleolithic,
Mesolithic and Neolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Vedic and
post-Vedic beginnings. Contributions of the tribal cultures.
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2.
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Demographic profile of India-Ethinic and linguistic elements in the Indian
population and their distribution. Indian population, factors influencing
its structure and growth.
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The basic structure and nature of
traditional Indian social system-a critique. Varnasharam, Purushartha,
Karma,
Rina and Rebirth. Theories on the origin of caste system, Jajmani system.
Structural basis of inequality in traditional Indian society. Impact of
Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
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4.
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Emergence, growth and development of anthropology in India-contributions
of the 19th Century and early 20th Century scholar-administrators.
Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.
Contemporary nature of anthropological studies in
India
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Approaches to the study of Indian
society and culture-traditional and contemporary.
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5.1
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Aspects
of Indian village-Social organisations of agriculture, impact of market
economy on Indian villages.
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Linguistic and religious
minorities-social, political and economic status.
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6.
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Tribal
situation in India-biogenetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic
characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. Problems
of the tribal Communities-land alienation, poverty indebtedness, low
literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment,
health and nutrition. Developmental projects-tribal displacement and
problems of rehabilitation:
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Development of forest policy and tribals,
Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal and rural
populations.
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7.
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Problems
of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and
Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and
Scheduled Castes. Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact
of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare
measures on tribals and weaker sections. Emergence of ethnicity, tribal
movements and quest for identity. Pseudo-tribalism.
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Social change among the tribes during
colonial and post-Independent
India
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Impact of Hinduism, Christianity,
Islam and other religious on tribal societies.
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8.2
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Tribe
and nation state-a comparative study of tribal communities in
India
and other countries.
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9.
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History
of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of
tribal development and their implementation. Role of N.G.Os.
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Role of anthropology in tribal and
rural development.
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Contributions of anthropology to the
understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political
movements.
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